1] Basic foam properties. Firefighters must understand how and why Class A foam works in order to be able to use it to its best effect. Many firefighters, even those who have used foam, do not understand how it makes water work better. It also is important to understand the types of finished foam and their tactical applications

2] Foam concentrates. There are many concentrates on the market today. It is important to understand the differences between them in order to use them effectively. It also is important to identify the differences between Class A and Class B foams in terms of concentrates, applications and how they operate.

3] Critical application rate. Firefighters typically understand critical application rate. When using Class A foam, they must understand how foam affects the critical application rate and how to correctly apply the product. This is important to effectively extinguish the fire and keep firefighters safe.

4] Safety. There are safety concerns that firefighters must be aware of when performing foam operations. These range from the handling of concentrates to fireground hazards

5] Environmental impacts. Firefighters must understand the positive ways that foam can affect the environment. They also must be aware of the possible negative effects that occur when foam is used inappropriately.

6] Foam proportioners. Firefighters must have a basic knowledge of how the foam proportioner on their apparatus operates. This will ensure that they are operating it correctly. Knowledge of the system operation also enhances troubleshooting skills on the fireground.

7] Aspirating nozzles. They are a tool that can be useful in many tactical applications. If the department apparatus has only Class A foam capability, they are a primary tool. They also are another tool in the toolbox on a CAFS equipped apparatus. Knowledge of how and why these nozzles operate will provide the best foam production.

8] CAFS operation and components. CAFS is simply three pumps for water, foam concentrate and air tied together. However there also are other components to lubricate and cool the compressor, and to balance air and water pressure. Understanding how the system works takes the operator beyond the “push this button and pull this lever” stage, and allows them to effectively make adjustments and troubleshoot problems.

9] CAFS nozzles and flows. There is much discussion in the fire service concerning the proper nozzles and flows when using CAFS, particularly on interior structure fires. It is imperative that the engine operator and the firefighter on the nozzle have a clear understanding of what works and why. They also must be on the same page on the fireground to ensure firefighter safety.

10] Foam and CAFS maintenance. Proper maintenance begins with firefighters and engine operators knowing how to do thorough, regularly scheduled vehicle inspections. This includes the CAFS. They must know what fluid levels to check and what type of fluids to add if they are low. They also must have knowledge of the strainers to be serviced and how to properly operate the system during the inspection to keep it operating efficiently.