Nature hides some hazards for wildland firefighters: rashes caused by poison ivy, oak or sumac.

“Reactions to poison ivy, oak and sumac are recognized within the industry as one of the top causes of disability and lost work time for firefighters,” said Robyn Benincasa, a San Diego firefighter.

Reactions are triggered by the body's allergic response to urushiol, whereby the immune system attacks the skin containing the oil, producing symptoms such as rashes, oozing blisters, itching and swelling. The allergic response occurs anywhere from 12 to 48 hours after exposure to the oil and can take as long as several weeks to heal.

Burning branches or logs that carry even a small amount of urushiol can cause people to suffer from systemic reactions and/or respiratory attacks. The inhalation of the toxin can cause internal blistering and other related health risks.

Zanfel Laboratories Inc. offers the following tips to avoid exposure:

1. Suit up

   Wear protective clothing containing neoprene or polyurethane.

2. Wear thick gloves

   Urushiol can bind to rubber hoses, tools and most pieces of equipment.

3. Watch where animals wander

   Animals do not react to the toxin, but rescued animals can easily carry urushiol.

4. Wear a mask

   Even though smoke may not be visibly present, urushiol can be carried on tiny particles of ash and dust and may remain in the air.

5. Wash up

   Wash all gear and clothing immediately with soap and water.

If you think you have been exposed:

1. Cleanse

   Urushiol will bind to the skin anywhere from five minutes to two hours after exposure.

2. Relieve

   Treat the origin of the reaction, not just the symptoms.

3. Decontaminate

   Remove and wash all clothing and equipment that may have come in contact with the toxic plants.

4. Don't scratch

   While scratching does not spread the outbreak, it may cause infection because it allows dirt on the hands to enter the skin.

5. Seek medical attention