Fire department budgets are tight, and there’s little relief in sight. At the same time departments are being asked to do more. The only way to do more with less is to work more efficiently. One way to increase efficiency on the fireground is to use Class A foam. While a new apparatus outfitted with a Class A foam or compressed-air foam system might not be in the budget, retrofitting existing apparatus with these capabilities is a viable alternative.

When making a decision to retrofit an apparatus, both the pros and be cons of the technology must be considered.

Pros

Retrofitted compressed-air foam systems can provide departments with numerous benefits.

Cost savings. Installing a retrofit CAFS can be cheaper than purchasing the system installed on a new apparatus.

Extended vehicle life. Adding foam capability to an apparatus makes it more capable for fire attack and extends its usefulness to the department. Keeping the vehicle in service longer before replacement will offset the cost of the retrofit.

Easier implementation. Retrofits can be an effective way to begin implementing CAFS because personnel already are familiar with the apparatus and its operation. This allows them to focus on and learn the foam system easily.

An educational experience. The department can see how different discharges work using CAFS. It will educate the personnel on what works for their specific department and how to spec future apparatus.

Enhanced versatility. CAFS provides more tools in toolbox. Beyond foam capabilities, the system has a large volume air compressor that can be used for other operations, such as operating large air tools.

Re-retrofits. When the apparatus is ready to be retired, the CAFS will still have service life remaining. The system then can be removed and reinstalled on a new apparatus, further extending the cost effectiveness of the system.

Cons

While foam implementation makes sense for many, there are some down sides.

Investment needed. Though less expensive compared with buying a new foam-equipped apparatus, retrofits still require a significant financial investment. A large part of the expense is due to the high-dollar components, such as compressors and proportioners.

More training needed. Proper training is the key to successfully implementing the use of CAFS. Time and funding will be needed to ensure that all department personnel — from firefighter to fire chief — are properly educated.

Expense of foam concentrate. A regular budget line item for foam will be needed. There will be an initial higher volume of concentrate needed for training. On a day-to-day basis, concentrate will be used at 0.3%. That means 3 gallons, costing approximately $35, will treat 1,000 gallons of water.

Poor retrofit installation. Not all fire apparatus service centers have the skills and knowledge to properly execute a retrofit installation. Be an informed consumer when selecting a retrofit installer.

Other Considerations

There also are some specific considerations when deciding to retrofit an apparatus.

Foam only or CAFS? Retrofits can be as simple as adding a proportioner for Class A foam operations or installing a compressor system to provide compressed air foam capability. However, some apparatus already may have a proportioner, so the retrofit would be an upgrade to CAFS. If a department has no foam experience, it may better to start by adding just the proportioner and expand into CAFS after personnel become comfortable with foam’s capabilities.

What is the apparatus’ mission? The mission will determine the appropriate size and type of system to retrofit. CAF systems vary in how the compressor is powered. This will determine whether the CAFS is pump-and-roll capable. Wildland and wildland/urban interface engines may need that capability, while structural engines do not.

What size system? The system should be sized to handle the common number and size of lines used. A system that is too small will not provide the needed flows, while an oversized system may not provide accuracy at lower flows.

What space is available? Space must be located to mount both the proportioner and compressor. The compressor package will include lubrication and cooling components which also will need a home. Depending upon pump compartment and under body space, the use of some cabinet space also may be required.

Which discharges need foam capability? Any foam- or CAFS-capable discharge must be plumbed to a separate foam manifold. Consideration must be given to which discharges need foam capability. When installing a retrofit, some discharges may be easier and more cost-effective to plumb to a foam manifold than others.

What is the apparatus’ condition? Any apparatus to be retrofitted should be in good mechanical condition and have a reasonable service life left to make the project cost-effective.

Who will do the retrofit? Retrofits should be done by a reputable and experienced service center. An improperly conceived and poorly installed system will create more problems for the department than it solves. An inexperienced installer may underestimate the time and/or cost to do the job, and then cut corners to try to complete it within budget.

Foam and CAFS retrofits can be a cost-effective way to increase the effectiveness of an apparatus. For the best result, go into the project fully informed and be flexible in working with the installer to accomplish your goals. Keep in mind that you are modifying an existing pump package and must work within those parameters.

Don’t forget to include the all-important training component. Ask for training to be included with the retrofit. In addition, research other foam and CAFS training opportunities, both locally and nationally. Training is the only way that your department will experience the full benefit of the technology.

Keith Klassen is a captain with the Summit Fire District, Flagstaff, Ariz. He also is president of the A Foam Authority. Ray Frey is the customer-service manager for Waterous Arizona and an instructor at the A Foam Authority’s annual academy.

Related Stories:

• Re-Retrofitting CAFS
• How to Add Foam to Existing Apparatus