At a time when many departments are buying larger and larger apparatus, a few departments are finding that smaller apparatus often can do things and go places that their bigger siblings can't. Whether it involves running down broad, sandy beaches or twisting through narrow, cobblestone alleys, these departments will tell you that smaller can be better.

The reasons for specifying small apparatus usually include the need to deal with restrictions on weight and clearance, rather than budget or staffing. Departments recognize that they still need to respond with the appropriate pump capacity, water supply, equipment and personnel — they just need to carry them in a smaller package.

Weight restrictions are one of the most common reasons for specifying small apparatus. Sand and other soft soils can slow down large vehicles, even if they're equipped with all-wheel drive. Small apparatus with wide-base tires carry a lighter load and spread it over a larger footprint to keep vehicles moving. Weight-restricted bridges, boardwalks and piers are other places where smaller, lighter apparatus are required to move safely.

Clearance restrictions are another reason for using smaller apparatus. Older sections of towns often have narrow streets and alleys with low overhead clearances that would slow or stop larger apparatus. Parking structures, amusement parks and some historic sites often have similar restrictions. Industrial plants can be filled with a maze of passages, overhead conveyors and process piping that limit access for all but the smallest vehicles. River-walk areas and converted railroad right-of-ways can wind for miles with high-crowned, narrow pathways and only limited access.

Small comes in many shapes

Small apparatus can come in many shapes to perform many functions, from quick-attack pumpers to hazmat support squads. Departments need to ensure these little apparatus are specified with the proper components and equipment to do the job despite their size.

Small pumpers, sometimes called quick-attacks, often are used to negotiate narrow, winding driveways or cross weight-restricted bridges while larger units provide a water supply. Although some quick-attacks have small pumps, many are specified with large pumps capable of mounting a full-sized structure attack. The use of Class A or compressed-air foam greatly enhances the attack capability, often letting firefighters knock down a fire quickly using tank water. Small pumpers also can carry some large-diameter hose to bring water from a hydrant or another pumper for a more sustained attack. Deck guns and preconnected blitz lines can help contain a fire before an interior attack team can be assembled.

In areas where there are adequate hydrants with good water pressure, some departments use small hose wagons to make an attack. Amusement parks, industrial complexes and oceanfront boardwalks are a few of the places where hose wagons would function well. In some cases, a crew of one or two could deploy a high-flow handline or set up a portable ground monitor in less time than it takes a pumper to go into operation.

The use of small rescues is well-known, as these compact units often are the only way to reach victims in remote areas. Small rescues also can handle most of the motor-vehicle extrications and emergency medical responses that make up the majority of every department's calls. They're easy to drive and easy to maneuver, and they fit into cramped stations. Typical specifications include small generators, area lights, and roof-top storage compartments for backboards and rescue baskets.

Many departments don't think of using small hazmat squads, but they're ideal for wilderness areas where illegal dumping and clandestine drug labs may be a problem. These units can traverse rough terrain to make an initial assessment and containment of the situation, then transport samples back to a larger hazmat unit for analysis and decision on further action. Specifications often include 4×4 drives, winches, generators and lights. Large transverse compartments have room for containment drums and other specialized equipment.

Recently, there has been a growing trend to specify low-profile command units based on light truck chassis, rather than high-bodied sports utility vehicles or larger mobile command centers. These incident command units often are assigned to battalion chiefs and others who regularly respond in the field. Moving the radios, computers and other equipment into a compartmented body provides additional storage space and better access. Many units have generators, lights, protective awnings and facilities for firefighter rehab.

Small service units can fill an important need in many departments and may earn them additional points on their Insurance Services Office ratings. Service units carry generators, lights, smoke ejectors, salvage covers and other bulky pieces of equipment to support operations at fires. They also can carry additional air bottles and specialized gear for use at rescue and hazmat incidents. When dispatched to motor-vehicle accidents, they can be used to warn, control and direct traffic away from the incident scene.

Like any other emergency vehicles, small apparatus are designed to fill specific needs under specific conditions. Whenever departments have to deal with weight restrictions, clearance restrictions, or simply want to carry some additional equipment, small apparatus often can do it all.